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This foothold may have lasted until ca 1061 when an Estonian tribe, the Sosols, destroyed it, followed by their raid on Pskov. In ca 1030 the troops of Kievan Rus led by Yaroslav the Wise defeated Estonians and established a fort in modern-day Tartu. Similar threats appeared to the east, where East Slavic principalities were expanding westward. Several Scandinavian sagas referred to major confrontations with Estonians, notably when "Estonian Vikings" defeated and killed the Swedish king Ingvar. The middle Iron Age produced threats appearing from different directions. The large amount of bronze objects indicate the existence of active communication with Scandinavian and Germanic tribes. A transition from hunter-fisher subsistence to single-farm-based settlement started around 1000 BC, and was complete by the beginning of the Iron Age around 500 BC. The Bronze Age started around 1800 BC, and saw the establishment of the first hill fort settlements. Iron Age artefacts of a hoard from Kumna Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings for quality of life, education, digitalization of public services and the prevalence of technology companies. It has a population of 1.3 million, and is one of the least populous members of the European Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, NATO, and the United Nations Security Council. The sovereign state is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties. Following the bloodless Estonian " Singing Revolution" of 1988–1990, the nation's de facto independence was restored on 20 August 1991.Įstonia is a developed country, with a high-income advanced economy ranking very high in the Human Development Index. After the loss of its de facto independence to the Soviet Union, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period, Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II, however the country was repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied, first by Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit ( Estonian SSR). This culminated in the 24 February 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence from the then warring Russian and German Empires, and, after the end of World War I, in the 1918–1920 War of Independence where Estonians were able to repel the Bolshevik Russian invasion and successfully defended their newborn freedom. After centuries of successive rule by the Teutonic Order, Denmark, Sweden, and the Russian Empire, a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the mid-19th century. Ancient Estonians were one of the last " pagan" civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal -sanctioned Livonian Crusade in the 13th century. The land of what is now modern Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BC. The Estonian language is the autochthonous and the official language of Estonia it is the first language of the majority of its people, as well as the world's second most spoken Finnic language. The capital city Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
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The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,200 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,339 km 2 (17,505 sq mi). It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia.
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eu, shared with other member states of the European Union.Įstonia ( Estonian: Eesti ( listen)), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in northern Europe.